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Table 2.1. Trends in the Human Use of Ecosystem Services and Enhancement or Degradation of the Service Around the Year 2000 - Cultural servicesLegend
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* = Low to medium certainty. All other trends are medium to high certainty. NA = Not assessed within the MA. In some cases, the service was not addressed at all in the MA (such as ornamental resources), while in other cases the service was included but the information and data available did not allow an assessment of the pattern of human use of the service or the status of the service. † = The categories of “Human Benefit” and “Enhanced or Degraded” do not apply for supporting services since, by definition, these services are not directly used by people. (Their costs or benefits would be double-counted if the indirect effects were included). Changes in supporting services influence the supply of provisioning, cultural, or regulating services that are then used by people and may be enhanced or degraded. a For provisioning services, human use increases if the human consumption of the service increases (e.g., greater food consumption); for regulating and cultural services, human use increases if the number of people affected by the service increases. The time frame is in general the past 50 years, although if the trend has changed within that time frame the indicator shows the most recent trend. b For provisioning services, we define enhancement to mean increased production of the service through changes in area over which the service is provided (e.g., spread of agriculture) or increased production per unit area. We judge the production to be degraded if the current use exceeds sustainable levels. For regulating and supporting services, enhancement refers to a change in the service that leads to greater benefits for people (e.g., the service of disease regulation could be improved by eradication of a vector known to transmit a disease to people). Degradation of a regulating and supporting services means a reduction in the benefits obtained from the service, either through a change in the service (e.g., mangroves loss reducing the storm protection benefits of an ecosystem) or through human pressures on the service exceeding its limits (e.g., excessive pollution exceeding the capability of ecosystems to maintain water quality). For cultural services, enhancement refers to a change in the ecosystem features that increase the cultural (recreational, aesthetic, spiritual, etc.) benefits provided by the ecosystem. The time frame is in general the past 50 years, although if the trend has changed within that time frame the indicator shows the most recent trend. Source: MA Related publication:
Other Figures & Tables on this publication: Box 3.1 Table. Selected Water-related Diseases. Table 1.1. Comparative table of reporting systems as defined by the Millennium Assessment Table 2.2. Indicative Ecosystem Service Trade-offs. Table 5.1. Main Assumptions Concerning Indirect and Direct Driving Forces Used in the MA Scenarios Table 5.2. Outcomes of Scenarios for Ecosystem Services in 2050 Compared with 2000 Table 5.3. Outcomes of Scenarios for Human Well-being in 2050 Compared with 2000 Table 8.1. Applicability of Decision Support Methods and Frameworks Marine, Coastal, and Island Systems Urban, Dryland and Polar systems Inland water and Mountain systems Box Figure B. Proportion of Population with Improved Drinking Water Supply in 2002 Box Figure C. Proportion of population with improved sanitation coverage in 2002 Figure 1.2. Conversion of Terrestrial Biomes Figure 1.3. Decline in Trophic Level of Fisheries Catch Since 1950 Figure 1.7. Growth in Number of Marine Species Introductions. Figure 1.8. Species Extinction Rates Figure 3.4. Collapse of Atlantic Cod Stocks Off the East Coast of Newfoundland in 1992 Figure 3.5. Dust Cloud Off the Northwest Coast of Africa, March 6, 2004 Figure 3.6. Changes in Economic Structure for Selected Countries Figure 4.1. GDP Average Annual Growth, 1990-2003 Figure 4.2. Per capita GDP Average Annual Growth, 1990-2003 Figure 4.3. Main Direct Drivers of Change in Biodiversity and Ecosystems Figure 5.1. MA World Population Scenarios Figure 5.3. Number of Ecosystem Services Enhanced or Degraded by 2050 in the Four MA Scenarios Figure 6.1. MA Sub-Global Assessments Figure 7.1. Characteristic Time and Space Scales Related to Ecosystems and Their Services Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being Box 6.1 Local Adaptations of MA Conceptual Framework Scenarios of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MA Scenarios - Global Orchestration MA Scenarios - Order from Strength MA Scenarios - Adapting Mosaic Marine, Coastal and Island systems Urban, Dryland and Polar systems Inland waters and Mountain systems Box 3.2. Ecosystems and the Millennium Development Goals Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Basic Materials for a Good Life Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Health Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Good Social Relations Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Security Box 3.1. Linkages between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being: Freedom of Choice and Action Box 6.1 Local Adaptations of MA Conceptual Framework Figure 1.1. Time Series of Intercepted Continental Runoff and Large Reservoir Storage, 1900-2000 Figure 1.6. Estimated Total Reactive Nitrogen Deposition from the Atmosphere Figure 2.1. Estimated Global Marine Fish Catch, 1950-2001. Figure 2.2. Trend in Mean Depth of Catch Since 1950. Figure 3.2. Annual Flow of Benefits from Forests in Selected Countries Figure 3.3. Economic Benefits Under Alternate Management Practices Table 4.1. Increase in Nitrogen Fluxes in Rivers to Coastal Oceans Figure 5.2. Comparison of Global River Nitrogen Export Figure 5.4. Number of Undernourished Children Projected in 2050 Under MA Scenarios Figure 5.5. Net Change in Components of Human Well-being Between 2000 and 2050 Under MA Scenarios. Figure 8.1. Total Carbon Market Value per Year (in million dollars nominal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
