Direct cross-links to the Global Assessment Reports of the Millennium Assessment

Note that text references to CF, CWG, SWG, RWG, or SGWG refer to the entire Working Group report. ES refers to the Main Messages in a chapter.

CF: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment
CF.1 Introduction and Conceptual Framework CF.2 Ecosystems and Their Services CF.3 Ecosystems and Human Well-being CF.4 Drivers of Change in Ecosystems and Their Services CF.5 Dealing with Scale CF.6 Concepts of Ecosystem Value and Valuation Approaches CF.7 Analytical Approaches CF.8 Strategic Interventions, Response Options, and Decision-making	This book offers an overview of the project, describing the conceptual framework that is being used, defining its scope, and providing a baseline of understanding that all participants need to move forward.

C (or CWG): Current State and Trends: Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group

SDM Summary C.1 MA Conceptual Framework C.2 Analytical Approaches for Assessing Ecosystem Conditions and Human Well-being C.3 Drivers of Change C.4 Biodiversity C.5 Ecosystem Conditions and Human Well-being C.6 Vulnerable Peoples and Places C.7 Fresh Water C.8 Food C.9 Timber, Fuel, and Fiber C.10 New Products and Industries from Biodiversity C.11 Biological Regulation of Ecosystem Services C.12 Nutrient Cycling C.13 Climate and Air Quality C.14 Human Health: Ecosystem Regulation of Infectious Diseases C.15 Waste Processing and Detoxi.cation C.16 Regulation of Natural Hazards: Floods and Fires C.17 Cultural and Amenity Services C.18 Marine Fisheries Systems C.19 Coastal Systems C.20 Inland Water Systems C.21 Forest and Woodland Systems C.22 Dryland Systems C.23 Island Systems C.24 Mountain Systems C.25 Polar Systems C.26 Cultivated Systems C.27 Urban Systems C.28 Synthesis

Richly illustrated with maps and graphs, Current State and Trends presents an assessment of Earth’s ability to provide twenty-four distinct services essential to human well-being. These include food, fiber, and other materials; the regulation of the climate and fresh water systems, underlying support systems such as nutrient cycling, and the fulfillment of cultural, spiritual, and aesthetic values. The volume pays particular attention to the current health of key ecosystems, including inland waters, forests, oceans, croplands, and dryland systems, among others. It will be an indispensable reference for scientists, environmentalists, agency professionals, and students.

S (or SWG): Scenarios: Findings of the Scenarios Working Group

SDM Summary S.1 MA Conceptual Framework S.2 Global Scenarios in Historical Perspective S.3 Ecology in Global Scenarios S.4 State of Art in Simulating Future Changes in Ecosystem Services S.5 Scenarios for Ecosystem Services: Rationale and Overview S.6 Methodology for Developing the MA Scenarios S.7 Drivers of Change in Ecosystem Condition and Services S.8 Four Scenarios S.9 Changes in Ecosystem Services & Their Drivers across the Scenarios S.10 Biodiversity across Scenarios S.11 Human Well-being across Scenarios S.12 Interactions among Ecosystem Services S.13 Lessons Learned for Scenario Analysis S.14 Policy Synthesis for Key Stakeholders

This second volume of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series explores the implications of four different approaches for managing ecosystem services in the face of growing human demand for them. The Scenarios volume will help decision-makers and managers identify development paths that better maintain the resilience of ecosystems, and can reduce the risk of damage to human well-being and the environment.

R (or RWG): Policy Responses: Findings of the Responses Working Group SDM Summary

R.1 MA Conceptual Framework R.2 Typology of Responses R.3 Assessing Responses R.4 Recognizing Uncertainties in Evaluating Responses R.5 Biodiversity R.6 Food and Ecosystems R.7 Freshwater Ecosystem Services R.8 Wood, Fuelwood, and Non-wood Forest Products R.9 Nutrient Management R.10 Waste Management, Processing, and Detoxi.cation R.11 Flood and Storm Control R.12 Ecosystems and Vector-borne Disease Control R.13 Climate Change R.14 Cultural Services R.15 Integrated Responses R.16 Consequences and Options for Human Health R.17 Consequences of Responses on Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction R.18 Choosing Responses R.19 Implications for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals

With the knowledge of possible outcomes, what kind of actions should we take? The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scored more than 70 response options for ecosystem services, biodiversity, and drivers such as climate change and nutrient loading. This third volume in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series presents policy options, analyzing the track record of past policies and the potential of new ones.

SG (or SGWG): Multiscale Assessments: Findings of the Sub-global Assessments Working Group

SDM Summary SG.1 MA Conceptual Framework SG.2 Overview of the MA Sub-global Assessments SG.3 Linking Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being SG.4 The Multiscale Approach SG.5 Using Multiple Knowledge Systems: Benefits and Challenges SG.6 Assessment Process SG.7 Drivers of Ecosystem Change SG.8 Condition and Trends of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity SG.9 Responses to Ecosystem Change and their Impacts on Human Well-being SG.10 Sub-global Scenarios SG.11 Communities, Ecosystems, and Livelihoods SG.12 Reflections and Lessons Learned

Representing the baseline and framework for ongoing assessments of ecosystems and human well-being on a variety of scales around the world, Multiscale Assessments provides students, researchers, and policy-makers with the most comprehensive methodology for assessing ecosystems at local, national, and regional scales.

Source: MA
  Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis (2005), p.85

Biodiversity & Human Well-being

Direct cross-links to the Global Assessment Reports of the Millennium Assessment

Box 1. Biodiversity and Its Loss— Avoiding Conceptual Pitfalls

Box 1.1. Linkages among Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-being

Box 1.2. Measuring and Estimating Biodiversity: More than Species Richness

Box 1.3. Ecological Indicators and Biodiversity

Box 1.4. Criteria for Effective Ecological Indicators

Box 2. MA Scenarios

Box 2.1. Social Consequences of Biodiversity Degradation (SG-SAfMA)

Box 2.2. Economic Costs and Benefits of Ecosystem Conversion

Box 2.3. Concepts and Measures of Poverty

Box 2.4. Conflicts Between the Mining Sector and Local Communities in Chile

Box 3.1. Direct Drivers: Example from Southern African Sub-global Assessment

Box 4.1. An Outline of the Four MA Scenarios

Box 5.1. Key Factors of Successful Responses to Biodiversity Loss

Figure 3.3. Species Extinction Rates

Figure 1.1. Estimates of Proportions and Numbers of Named Species in Groups of Eukaryote Species and Estimates of Proportions of the Total Number of Species in Groups of Eukaryotes

Figure 1.2. Comparisons for the 14 Terrestrial Biomes of the World in Terms of Species Richness, Family Richness, and Endemic Species

Figure 1.3. The 8 Biogeographical Realms and 14 Biomes Used in the MA

Figure 1.4. Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Ecosystem Services

Figure 2. How Much Biodiversity Will Remain a Century from Now under Different Value Frameworks?

Figure 2.1. Efficiency Frontier Analysis of Species Persistence and Economic Returns

Figure 3. Main Direct Drivers

Figure 3.1. Percentage Change 1950–90 in Land Area of Biogeographic Realms Remaining in Natural Condition or under Cultivation and Pasture

Figure 3.2. Relationship between Native Habitat Loss by 1950 and Additional Losses between 1950 and 1990

Figure 3.3. Species Extinction Rates

Figure 3.4. Red List Indices for Birds, 1988–2004, in Different Biogeographic Realms

Figure 3.5. Density Distribution Map of Globally Threatened Bird Species Mapped at a Resolution of Quarter-degree Grid Cell

Figure 3.6. Threatened Vertebrates in the 14 Biomes, Ranked by the Amount of Their Habitat Converted by 1950

Figure 3.7. The Living Planet Index, 1970–2000

Figure 3.8. Illustration of Feedbacks and Interaction between Drivers in Portugal Sub-global Assessment

Figure 3.9. Summary of Interactions among Drivers Associated with the Overexploitation of Natural Resources

Figure 3.10. Main Direct Drivers

Figure 3.11. Effect of Increasing Land Use Intensity on the Fraction of Inferred Population 300 Years Ago of Different Taxa that Remain

Figure 3.12. Extent of Cultivated Systems, 2000

Figure 3.13. Decline in Trophic Level of Fisheries Catch since 1950

Figure 3.14. Estimated Global Marine Fish Catch, 1950–2001

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.15. Estimates of Forest Fragmentation due to Anthropogenic Causes

Figure 3.16. Fragmentation and Flow in Major Rivers

Figure 3.17 Trends in Global Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer, 1961–2001 (million tons)

Figure 3.18 Trends in Global Use of Phosphate Fertilizer, 1961–2001 (million tons)

Figure 3.19. Estimated Total Reactive Nitrogen Deposition from the Atmosphere (Wet and Dry) in 1860, Early 1990s, and Projected for 2050

Figure 3.20. Historical and Projected Variations in Earth’s Surface Temperature

Figure 4. Trade-offs between Biodiversity and Human Well-being under the Four MA Scenarios

Figure 4.1. Losses of Habitat as a Result of Land Use Change between 1970 and 2050 and Reduction in the Equilibrium Number of Vascular Plant Species under the MA Scenarios

Figure 4.2. Relative Loss of Biodiversity of Vascular Plants between 1970 and 2050 as a Result of Land Use Change for Different Biomes and Realms in the Order from Strength Scenario

Figure 4.3. Land-cover Map for the Year 2000

Figure 4.4. Conversion of Terrestrial Biomes

Figure 4.5. Forest and Cropland/Pasture in Industrial and Developing Regions under the MA Scenarios

Figure 4.6. Changes in Annual Water Availability in Global Orchestration Scenario by 2100

Figure 4.7. Changes in Human Well-being and Socioecological Indicators by 2050 under the MA Scenarios

Figure 6.1. How Much Biodiversity Will Remain a Century from Now under Different Value Frameworks?

Figure 6.2. Trade-offs between Biodiversity and Human Well-being under the Four MA Scenarios

Table 1.1. Ecological Surprises Caused by Complex Interactions

Table 2.1. Percentage of Households Dependent on Indigenous Plant-based Coping Mechanisms at Kenyan and Tanzanian Site

Table 2.2. Trends in the Human Use of Ecosystem Services and Enhancement or Degradation of the Service Around the Year 2000 - Provisioning services

Table 2.2. Trends in the Human Use of Ecosystem Services and Enhancement or Degradation of the Service Around the Year 2000 - Regulating services

Table 2.2. Trends in the Human Use of Ecosystem Services and Enhancement or Degradation of the Service Around the Year 2000 - Cultural services

Table 2.2. Trends in the Human Use of Ecosystem Services and Enhancement or Degradation of the Service Around the Year 2000 - Supporting services

Table 6.1. Prospects for Attaining the 2010 Sub-targets Agreed to under the Convention on Biological Diversity