Expert Links on Climate Change

1.1. Has the world warmed?

1.1.1. Has the earth surface temperature increased?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Some other websites:

The Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia (UK): "2001 is the second warmest year on record" (but very close to previous second): http://cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/ warming/
The US Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO): "Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record", a good article on Paleoclimatology: http://gcrio.ciesin.org/CONSEQUENCES/winter96/geoclimate.html

1.1.2. Has the atmosphere temperature increased?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Some other websites:

"Contrary Thermometers" on the Science@NASA website (July 2000): http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/ y2000/ast21jul_1m.htm

1.1.3. Have the snow cover and ice extent decreased?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Chapter 2.2.5 : Changes in the Cryosphere
Chapter 2.2.6 : Are the Retreat of Glaciers, Sea Ice, and Snow Cover Consistent with the Surface Temperature Trends?

1.1.4. Have sea level and ocean heat content increased?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Some other websites:

1.2. What other climate changes have been observed?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Chapter 2.5.2 : Changes in Precipitation and Related Variables
Chapter 2.7.2 : Is There Evidence for Changes in Variability or Extremes?
Chapter 2.2.2 : Temperature in the Instrumental Record for Land and Oceans
Chapter 2.5.5 : Clouds
Chapter 2.6.2 : El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Tropical/Extra-tropical Interaction
Chapter 2.6.3 : Decadal to Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation, and the North Pacific Oscillation
Chapter 2.7.3 : Is There Evidence for Changes in Extreme Weather or Climate Events?

Some other websites:

"What is El Niño?" in NASA's Global Change Master Directory (GCMD): http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/Resources/Learning/elnino.html
A website on the North Atlantic Oscillation by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University : http://ldeo.columbia.edu/NAO/

1.3. What aspects of our climate have NOT changed?

See IPCC Third Assessment Report of Working Group 1:

Chapter 2.2.2 : Temperature in the Instrumental Record for Land and Oceans
Chapter 2.2.5 : Changes in the Cryosphere
Chapter 2.7.3 : Is There Evidence for Changes in Extreme Weather or Climate Events?

Some articles on Antarctica: