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4. What are the likely consequences of climate change?
4.1 Has climate change already affected us?
4.1.1. Has climate change already started to affect natural systems?
The following IPCC documents from the 
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.1.2. Has climate change already affected human systems?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.2. How potentially could climate change affect us?
4.2.1. How potentially could climate change affect natural systems?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.2.2 How potentially could climate change affect human systems?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
Projected adverse impacts based on models and other studies include:
- A general reduction in potential crop yields in most tropical and
sub-tropical regions for most projected increases in temperature
[4.2.
Agriculture and food security
]
- A general reduction, with some variation, in potential crop yields in most
regions in mid-latitudes for increases in annual-average temperature of more
than a few degrees C
[4.2. Agriculture and food security ]
- Decreased water availability for populations in many water-scarce regions,
particularly in the sub-tropics
[4.1. Water resources ]
- An increase in the number of people exposed to vector-borne (e.g.,
malaria) and water-borne diseases (e.g., cholera), and an increase in heat
stress mortality
[4.7. Human health ]
- A widespread increase in the risk of flooding for many human settlements
(tens of millions of inhabitants in settlements studied) from both increased
heavy precipitation events and sea-level rise
[4.5. Human settlements, energy,
and industry ]
- Increased energy demand for space cooling due to higher summer
temperatures.
[4.5. Human settlements, energy, and industry ]
Projected beneficial impacts based on models and other studies include:
4.3. What other major impacts could climate change possibly have?
4.3.1 Could climate change have major consequences?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.3.2. What is the risk of large-scale and possibly irreversible impacts?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.3.3. What are Some Examples of the Projected Changes and their Impacts?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.4. What should be done?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
4.4.1. Who will be affected?
WG II Technical Summary
Benefits and costs of climate change effects have been estimated in monetary units and
aggregated to national, regional, and global scales.
4.4.2. How can vulnerability be reduced?
The following IPCC documents from the
WG II Technical Summary
support the Level 3 passage:
Related publication:
Other Figures & Tables on this publication:
Adaptive Capacity, Vulnerability, and Key Concerns by Region
Facts on environmental matters
Table SPM.1 Estimates of potential global greenhouse gas emission reductions in 2010 and in 2020
The Emissions Scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)
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Footnotes for the Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Working Group III
Footnotes for Table 1 of IPCC SPM WG II
Footnotes for the Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Working Group 1
Footnotes for the Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Working Group II
Variations of the Earth's surface temperature for :
Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the Industrial Era
The global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for the year 2000,
relative to 1750
Simulated annual global mean surface temperatures
The global climate of the 21st Century
Documented Climate Change Impacts
Figure SPM-2 - Reasons for Concern
Figure SPM-3 - Projected Changes in Annual Runoff
Carbon in Oil, Gas and Coal Reserves Compared with Historic Fossil Fuel Carbon
Emissions (in gigatonnes)
Footnotes to Table SPM-1 (Question 6.2.2)
Figure 8.1 Precipitation
Figure 8.2 Hurricanes
Schematic of observed variations of the temperature
indicators / the hydrological and
storm-related indicators
Many external factors force climate change
The annual mean change of the temperature (colour shading) and its range (isolines)
Analysis of inter-model consistency in regional relative warming
GCRIO
UNFCCC
Pew Climate
NCDC
Climate Ark
Climatic Research Unit
CICERO
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
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