Table 18: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to osteoporotic fractures - Figures and Tables

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Table 18: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to osteoporotic fractures
Evidence	Decreased risk	No relationship	Increased risk
^a In populations with high fracture incidence only. Applies to men and women older than 50-60 years, with a low calcium intake and/or poor vitamin D status.b At levels used to fluoridate water supplies. High fluoride intake causes fluorosis and may also alter bone matrix. ^b At levels used to fluoridate water supplies. High fluoride intake causes fluorosis and may also alter bone matrix. ^c Several components of fruits and vegetables are associated with a decreased risk at levels of intake within the normal range of consumption (e.g. alkalinity, vitamin K, phytoestrogens, potassium, magnesium, boron). Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) results in osteopenic bone disease.
Convincing Older people^a	Vitamin D Calcium Physical activity		High alcohol intake Low body weight
Probable Older people^a		Fluoride^b
Possible	Fruits and vegetables^cModerate alcohol intake Soy products	Phosphorus	High sodium intake Low protein intake (in older people) High protein intake

Source: WHO/FAO "Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases"
Section 5.7.4 Strength of evidence

Related publication:

Diet and Nutrition Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Other Figures & Tables on this publication:

Table 1: Global and regional per capita food consumption (kcal per capita per day)

Table 2. Vegetable and animal sources of energy in the diet (kcal per capita per day)

Table 3: Vegetable and animal sources of energy in the diet (kcal per capita per day) Supply of fat (g per capita per day)

Table 4. Per capita consumption of livestock products

Table 6. Ranges of population nutrient intake goals

Table 7: Summary of strength of evidence on factors that might promote or protect against weight gain and obesitya

Table 8: Classification of overweight in adults according to BMIa

Table 9: Summary of strength of evidence on lifestyle factors and risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Table 10: Summary of strength of evidence on lifestyle factors and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases

Table 11: Summary of strength of evidence on lifestyle factors and the risk of developing cancer

Table 12: Trends in levels of dental caries in 12-year-olds mean [number of] delayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMFT) per person aged 12 years [as a result of carries]

Table 13: Prevalence of toothlessness (edentulousness) in older people throughout the world

Table 14: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to dental caries

Table 15: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to dental erosion

Table 16: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to enamel developmental defects

Table 17: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to periodontal disease

Table 18: Summary of strength of evidence linking diet to osteoporotic fractures

Figure 3: Trends in the supply of vegetables, by region, 1970-2000

Figure 4: Ranges of population nutrient intake goals

Figure 2. Calories from major commodities in developing countries

Degrees of evidence by the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation