TABLE 4: Voluntary and mandatory bioenergy targets for transport fuels in G8+5
countries
1 M = mandatory; V = voluntary.
Sources: GBEP, 2007,
updated with information from the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA, 2008a), the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA, 2008) and written
communication from the EU Commission and Professor Ricardo Abramovay,
University of São Paulo, Brazil. |
| COUNTRY/COUNTRY GROUPING |
TARGETS 1 |
| Brazil |
Mandatory blend of 20–25 percent anhydrous ethanol with petrol;
minimum blending of 3 percent biodiesel to diesel by July 2008 and 5 percent
(B5) by end of 2010 |
| Canada |
5 percent renewable content in petrol by 2010 and 2 percent renewable
content in diesel fuel by 2012 |
| China |
15 percent of transport energy needs through use of biofuels by 2020 |
| France |
5.75 percent by 2008, 7 percent by 2010, 10 percent by 2015 (V), 10 percent
by 2020 (M = EU target) |
| Germany |
6.75 percent by 2010, set to rise to 8 percent by 2015, 10 percent by 2020
(M = EU target) |
| India |
Proposed blending mandates of 5–10 percent for ethanol and 20
percent for biodiesel |
| Italy |
5.75 percent by 2010 (M), 10 percent by 2020 (M = EU target) |
| Japan |
500 000 kilolitres, as converted to crude oil, by 2010 (V) |
| Mexico |
Targets under consideration |
| Russian Federation |
No targets |
| South Africa |
Up to 8 percent by 2006 (V) (10 percent target under consideration) |
| United Kingdom |
5 percent biofuels by 2010 (M), 10 percent by 2020 (M = EU target) |
| United States of America |
9 billion gallons by 2008, rising to 36 billion by 2022 (M). Of the 36
billion gallons, 21 billion to be from advanced biofuels (of which 16
billion from cellulosic biofuels) |
| European Union |
10 percent by 2020 (M proposed by EU Commission in January 2008) |
Source: FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture, Biofuels: Prospects, Risks and Opportunities (2008) 
,
Chapter 3, Section policy measures affecting biofuel development, p.29
Related publication:
Other Figures & Tables on this publication:
TABLE 1: Biofuel production by country, 2007
TABLE 2: Biofuel yields for different feedstocks and countries
TABLE 3: Hypothetical potential for ethanol from principal cereal and sugar crops
TABLE 4: Voluntary and mandatory bioenergy targets for transport fuels in G8+5
countries
TABLE 5: Applied tariffs on ethanol in selected countries
TABLE 6: Total support estimates for biofuels in selected OECD economies in 2006
TABLE 7: Approximate average and variable rates of support per litre of biofuel in
selected OECD economies
TABLE 8: Energy demand by source and sector: reference scenario
TABLE 9: Land requirements for biofuel production
TABLE 10: Water requirements for biofuel crops
TABLE 11: Import bills of total food and major food commodities for 2007 and their
percentage increase over 2006
TABLE 12: Net importers of petroleum products and major cereals, ranked by
prevalence of undernourishment
TABLE 13: Share of net staple food-seller households among urban, rural and total
households
Box 1: Other types of biomass for heat, power and transport
Box 2: Biotechnology applications for biofuels
Box 3: Biofuel policies in Brazil
Box 4: Biofuel policies in the United States of America
Box 5: Biofuel policies in the European Union
Box 6: Main sources of uncertainty for biofuel projections
Box 7: Biofuels and the World Trade Organization
Box 8: Biofuels and preferential trade initiatives
Box 9: The Global Bioenergy Partnership
Box 10: Biofuels and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Box 11: Jatropha – a “miracle” crop?
Box 12: Agricultural growth and poverty reduction
Box 13: Cotton in the Sahel
Box 14: Biofuel crops and the land issue in the United Republic of Tanzania
Figure 1: World primary energy demand by source, 2005
Figure 2: Total primary energy demand by source and region, 2005
Figure 3: Trends in consumption of transport biofuels
Figure 4: Biofuels – from feedstock to end use
Figure 5: Uses of biomass for energy
Figure 6: Conversion of agricultural feedstocks into liquid biofuels
Figure 7: Estimated ranges of fossil energy balances of selected fuel types
Figure 8: Support provided at different points in the biofuel supply chain
Figure 9: Biofuel production costs in selected countries, 2004 and 2007
Figure 10: Breakeven prices for crude oil and selected feedstocks in 2005
Figure 11: Breakeven prices for maize and crude oil in the United States of
America
Figure 12: Breakeven prices for maize and crude oil with and without subsidies
Figure 13: Maize and crude oil breakeven prices and observed prices, 2003–08
Figure 14: Price relationships between crude oil and other biofuel feedstocks,
2003-08
Figure 15: Food commodity price trends 1971–2007, with projections to 2017
Figure 16: Global ethanol production, trade and prices, with projections to 2017
Figure 17: Major ethanol producers, with projections to 2017
Figure 18: Global biodiesel production, trade and prices, with projections to 2017
Figure 19: Major biodiesel producers, with projections to 2017
Figure 20: Total impact of removing trade-distorting biofuel policies for ethanol,
2013–17 average
Figure 21: Total impact of removing trade-distorting biofuel policies for
biodiesel, 2013–17 average
Figure 22: Life-cycle analysis for greenhouse gas balances
Figure 23: Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of selected biofuels relative to
fossil fuels
Figure 24: Potential for cropland expansion
Figure 25: Potential for yield increase for selected biofuel feedstock crops
Figure 26: Potential for irrigated area expansion
Figure 27: Agricultural trade balance of least-developed countries
Figure 28: Distribution of poor net buyers and sellers of staple foods1
Figure 29: Average welfare gain/loss from a 10 percent increase in the price of
the main staple, by income (expenditure) quintile for rural and urban households
