Table 2. Summary of time series relating coarse particulate matter to mortality - Figures and Tables

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Table 2. Summary of time series relating coarse particulate matter to mortality
Reference	Location	Approx. # of events	Measurement of PM_10-2.5	Concentrations in g/m³
Schwartz et al., 1996; Klemm et al., 2000	6 US cities	190 000	direct	FP: 11.2-29.6 CM: 6.6-16.1
Cifuentes et al., 2000	Santiago, Chile	186 000	direct	direct FP: 58.3 CM: 46.4
Lipfert et al., 2000	Philadelphia	135 000	direct	FP: 17.3 CM: 6.8
Burnett et al., 2000; 2003	8 Canadian cities	110 000	direct	FP: 13.3 CM: 12.6
Fairley et al., 1999; 2003	Santa Clara County, CA	60 000	direct	FP: 13 CM: 11
Anderson et al., 2001	UK West Midlands	49 000	direct	FP: 14.5 CM: 9.0
Castillejos et al., 2000	Mexico City	28 000	indirect	FP: 27.4 CM: 17.2
Lippmann et al., 2000; Ito, 2003	Detroit Michigan County	25 000	direct	FP: 15 CM: 12
Ostro et al., 2000; 2003	Coachella Valley	21 000	indirect	FP: 16.8 CM: 30.5
Mar et al., 2000; 2003	Phoenix	4 200	indirect	FP: 13; CM: 34

Table 2 (Continued): Summary of time series relating coarse particulate matter to mortality
Reference	R fine-coarse	R PM10- fine	R PM10- coarse	Effect estimates per 10 g/m³	Estimates from 2-pollutant model
Schwartz et al., 1996; Klemm et al., 2000	0.23-0.69	N/A	N/A	FP: 1.5 (1.1-1.9) CM: 0.4 (-0.1-1.0)	N/A
Cifuentes et al., 2000	0.52	N/A	N/A	FP: 0.7 (t=6.7) CM: 1.1 (t=4.9)	FP: 0.7 (t=4.7) CM: 0.1 (t=0.5)
Lipfert et al., 2000	N/A	N/A	N/A	FP: mostly significant CM: mostly insignificant	N/A
Burnett et al., 2000; 2003	0.37	0.84	0.81	FP: 1.4 (t=3.14) CM: 0.8 (t=2.04)	N/A
Fairley et al., 1999; 2003	0.51	0.85	0.65	FP: 2.9 (0.6-5.3) CM: 1.3 (-2.2-4.9)	FP 3.5 (0.7-6.6) CM -2.4 (-9.0-4.8)
Anderson et al., 2001	0.34	0.92	0.56	FP: 0.3 (-0.8-1.5) CM: -0.5 (-3.8-2.0)	N/A
Castillejos et al., 2000	0.52	0.89	0.84	FP: 1.5 (-0.0-3.0) CM: 4.1 (2.5-5.7)	FP: 0.2 (-1.7-2.1) CM: 4.0 (2.0-6.0)
Lippmann et al., 2000; Ito, 2003	0.42	0.90	0.72	FP: 0.8 (-0.6-2.4) CM: 1.1 (-0.9-3.3)	N/A
Ostro et al., 2000; 2003	0.28-0.46	0.46-0.68	0.94-0.97	Total mortality: FP: 4.4 (0.0-8.9) CM: 0.5 (-0.5-1.0) CVD mortality: FP: 3.3 (-2.2-10.0) CM: 1.0 (0.5-2.0)	N/A
Mar et al., 2000; 2003	0.59	0.77	0.97	FP: 3.5 (-0.1-9.4) CM: 2.7 (0.5-6.0)	N/A

Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe Health Aspects of Air Pollution - answers to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004), Question 8

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Table 1. Estimated effects of air pollution on daily mortality and hospital admissions from APHEA2 and NMMAPS studies

Table 2. Summary of time series relating coarse particulate matter to mortality

Figure 1. Direct Release of Particles

Figure 2. Indirect Formation of Particles

Figure 4. Modelled deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract using the MPPD (Price et al., 2002) model

Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

Table 1. Summary estimates for studies of PM10 and daily mortality by GAM or non-GAM statistical model and by single-city or multicity study design.