Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

This shows an asymmetrical distribution suggestive of publication bias

Fig. 2: Funnel plot of studies of PM10 and daily mortality used in the WHO (2000).

There is no evidence of bias in the test or the formal plot.

Fig. 3: Funnel plot of PM2.5 and daily mortality in North American studies.

There is moderate evidence of some bias. Formal test not significant (p<0.08)."

Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe  Health Aspects of Air Pollution - answers to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004), Section 5.2

Air Pollution Particulate Matter

Table 1. Estimated effects of air pollution on daily mortality and hospital admissions from APHEA2 and NMMAPS studies

Table 2. Summary of time series relating coarse particulate matter to mortality

Figure 1. Direct Release of Particles

Figure 2. Indirect Formation of Particles

Figure 4. Modelled deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract using the MPPD (Price et al., 2002) model

Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

Table 1. Summary estimates for studies of PM10 and daily mortality by GAM or non-GAM statistical model and by single-city or multicity study design.