Level 2 - Details on Fluoride

• 1. What are fluorides?
  • 1.1 Which fluorides are most relevant?
  • 1.2 What are fluorides used for in industry?
• 2. Where are fluorides found?
  • 2.1 How are fluorides released into the environment?
  • 2.2 Where in the environment can fluorides be found?
  • 2.3 How much fluoride is there in environment?
  • 2.4 How much fluoride can be found in living organisms?
• 3. How are humans exposed to fluorides?
  • 3.1 How much fluoride is there in drinking water?
  • 3.2 How much fluoride is there in food?
  • 3.3 How much fluoride is there in toothpaste?
  • 3.4 How much fluoride are humans exposed to?
  • 3.5 What happens to fluorides absorbed by the body?
• 4. Can fluorides affect health?
  • 4.1 Does fluoride affect bones in test animals?
  • 4.2 Does fluoride cause cancer in test animals?
  • 4.3 Does fluoride cause genetic mutations in cells or test animals?
  • 4.4 Does fluoride affect reproduction or development in test animals?
• 5. What effects have actually been seen in humans?
  • 5.1 Has fluoride exposure caused cancer?
  • 5.2 What are the effects on teeth and bones?
  • 5.3 Has fluoride caused other health problems?
• 6. To what extent can fluoride exposure be harmful to organisms in the environment?
  • 6.1 What levels of fluoride exposure are harmful to aquatic organisms?
  • 6.2 What levels of fluoride exposure are harmful to microbes and plants?
  • 6.3 What levels of fluoride exposure are harmful to birds and mammals?
• 7. What are the risks posed by fluorides?
  • 7.1 What are the risks to humans?
  • 7.2 What are the risks to the environment?
• 8. What are the beneficial effects of fluoride on teeth?
  • 8.1 Does fluoride protect teeth from cavities?
  • 8.2 What fluoridated products have been used to prevent cavities?
• 9. Does water fluoridation pose risks?
  • 9.1 When can teeth be affected by dental fluorosis?
  • 9.2 Is water fluoridation causing dental fluorosis?
  • 9.3 How can bones be affected by skeletal fluorosis?
  • 9.4 At what intake levels does fluoride cause skeletal fluorosis?
• 10. Conclusion