Figure TS.7. Methods for storing CO₂ in deep underground geological formations

Methods for storing CO₂ in deep underground geological formations. Two methods may be combined with the recovery of hydrocarbons: EOR (2) and ECBM (4). See text for explanation of these methods (Courtesy CO₂CRC).

Source: IPCC  Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Technical Summary (2005)
5. Geological storage, p. 29

CO2 Capture and Storage

Table TS.1. Current maturity of CCS system components. An X indicates the highest level of maturity for each component. There are also less mature technologies for most components.

Table TS.2. Profile by process or industrial activity of worldwide large stationary CO2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2 per year.

Table TS.3. Summary of CO2 capture costs for new power plants based on current technology. Because these costs do not include the costs (or credits) for CO2 transport and storage, this table should not be used to assess or compare total plant costs for different systems with capture. The full costs of CCS plants are reported in Section 8.

Table TS.4. Summary of CO2 capture costs for new hydrogen plants based on current technology

Table TS.5. Sites where CO2 storage has been done, is currently in progress or is planned, varying from small pilots to large-scale commercial applications.

Table TS.6. Storage capacity for several geological storage options. The storage capacity includes storage options that are not economical.

Table TS.7. Fraction of CO2 retained for ocean storage as simulated by seven ocean models for 100 years of continuous injection at three different depths starting in the year 2000.

Table TS.8. Costs for ocean storage at depths deeper than 3,000 m.

Table TS.9. 2002 Cost ranges for the components of a CCS system as applied to a given type of power plant or industrial source. The costs of the separate components cannot simply be summed to calculate the costs of the whole CCS system in US$/CO2 avoided. All numbers are representative of the costs for large-scale, new installations, with natural gas prices assumed to be 2.8-4.4 US$ GJ-1 and coal prices 1-1.5 US$ GJ-1.

Table TS.10. Range of total costs for CO2 capture, transport and geological storage based on current technology for new power plants using bituminous coal or natural gas

Table TS.11. Mitigation cost ranges for different combinations of reference and CCS plants based on current technology for new power plants. Currently, in many regions, common practice would be either a PC plant or an NGCC plant14. EOR benefits are based on oil prices of 15 - 20 US$ per barrel. Gas prices are assumed to be 2.8 -4.4 US$/GJ-1, coal prices 1-1.5 US$/GJ-1 (based on Table 8.3a).

Table TS.12. Differences in the forms of CCS and biological sinks that might influence the way accounting is conducted.

Figure TS.1. Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems

Figure TS.2a. Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2

Figure TS.2b. Prospective areas in sedimentary basins

Figure TS.3. Overview of CO2 capture processes and systems

Figure TS.4. (a) CO2 post-combustion capture at a plant in Malaysia

Figure TS.5. Transport costs for onshore pipelines and offshore pipelines

Figure TS.6. Costs, plotted as US$/tCO2 transported against distance, for onshore pipelines, offshore pipelines and ship transport

Figure TS.7. Methods for storing CO2 in deep underground geological formations

Figure TS.8. Potential leakage routes and remediation techniques for CO2 injected into saline formations

Figure TS.9. Methods of ocean storage

Figure TS.10. Material fluxes and process steps associated with the mineral carbonation of silicate rocks or industrial residues (Courtesy ECN).

Figure TS.11. CO2 capture and storage from power plants

Figure TS.12. Global potential contribution of CCS as part of a mitigation portfolio

Figures TS.2a. & TS.2b.